Transforming Islamic Education in the Digital Age: Methodological Analyses, Challenges and Opportunities Based on Current Research

Abstract

Islamic religious education (PAI) in the digital age is undergoing significant changes, while facing complex challenges. This article analyses the current development of PAI (2017-2024) through a systematic literature review of 25 reliable sources. The results show three main findings: (1) learning innovation trends such as blended learning, gamification and the use of AI can increase student participation by 40% and personalise learning; (2) dominant challenges include the digital divide (only 25% of 3T schools have adequate access), teacher resistance (55% find it difficult to use digital tools) and religious misinformation on social media; (3) technology has a positive impact in terms of learning time efficiency, expanding access to education and strengthening monitoring and evaluation. This article recommends three strategic solutions: strengthening teachers' digital literacy, more contextualised curriculum reform, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to optimise the use of technology. These findings provide an important foundation for the development of adaptive PAI in the midst of rapid change, while maintaining Islamic values as the main foundation.